Safer than cigarettes? The rise of vaping in schools

"Some parents are actively buying vapes for their children, believing this keeps them away from cigarettes - and this makes it hard to deter vaping in schools." - Harry, an English teacher from Portsmouth.

The rise of vaping in schools

In recent years, a huge cultural shift has happened on our high streets - and in our schools. The rise of electronic cigarette smoking, also known as vaping, was first welcomed in early 2000s society to help smokers quit, as a healthier tobacco-free alternative.

Now, vapes and their colourful array of packaging and flavours are enticing more and more non-smokers - and the youngest generation are leading this newest addiction. But are vapes really safer than cigarettes for your child?

Harry is a secondary school teacher in Portsmouth where vaping has become a fast-growing health concern. "Compared to cigarettes and their fumes, it's difficult to detect vaping in schools, and this is part of the issue.

"But from what we can see, it's rife. I've caught students vaping in class as young as 11 and 12 years old. For some children, it's the first thing they do as soon as they walk out the school gates. From what i've seen in the past year, e-cigarettes have completely overtaken tobacco cigarettes - for today's teens it’s all vapes, no fags."

Harry's school has a strict behaviour policy on vaping. If a child's caught, their parents are called in and there's the possibility of suspension. However, this isn't proving to be enough of a deterrent.

"Many parents believe vaping products to be a healthy alternative to smoking - and some have told us they're actively buying their children vapes to keep them off cigarettes," adds Harry.

Dangers of vaping for teens

With so many non-smoking young people trying vapes, it's important that kids, parents, and educators are aware that there are known side effects of vaping.

Your brain doesn't stop developing until your mid-twenties, and this leaves children and young people who vape even more vulnerable to long-term health problems.

• Nicotine can harm the parts of the adolescent brain that control learning, attention, mood, and impulse control. Young users are more likely to develop nicotine addiction, mood disorders, and impulse control disorders.
• Developing brains build synapses faster than adult brains to help them learn. This means young people can get addicted more easily than adults, as addiction is a form of learning.
• Nicotine withdrawal causes irritability, anxiety, restlessness, depression, sleep problems, concentration problems, and cravings.

What are the side effects of vaping?

With so many non-smoking young people trying vapes, it's important that kids, parents, and educators are aware that there are known side effects of vaping.

Instant and short-term vaping side effects include:

• Sore and irritated throat and mouth.
• Headache.
• A persistent cough.
• Feeling sick.

While stopping vaping usually resolves these symptoms, experts don't yet fully understand the extent and breadth of the long-term health risks - and there's a growing body of evidence that these e-cigarettes can damage your lungs and heart health.

Can vaping cause lung cancer?

Vaping devices use heat to transform liquid chemicals into a mist that can be inhaled deep into your lungs, coating them in a toxic cocktail. Depending on the brand and flavour, this may contain:

• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - such as heavy metals and benzene. These are linked to lung cancer and other health problems.
• Tiny particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs - can become lodged, which is particularly dangerous for people with asthma and other respiratory conditions. They can also cause the arteries in the lungs to tighten, increasing your chances of a heart attack.
• Dangerous food additives - Diacetyl is a butter-flavoured additive that's considered safe to eat. However, when inhaled directly into the lungs, it can scar the air sacs and cause a type of lung disease called bronchiolitis obliterans - also known as popcorn lung.

Since 2019, the growing number of severe lung injuries related to vaping devices has given rise to the newly termed condition EVALI, which stands for electronic-cigarette vaping associated lung injury.

So, when it comes to lung injuries and disease there are serious vaping side effects. As for lung cancer, while data and research is still relatively thin, there's a growing body of evidence that vaping increases your chances. This is because inhaling these chemicals increases inflammation in your lung's cells and affects how they work.

Can vaping affect blood flow?

The side effects of vaping on your blood vessels are also thought to be serious and life-threatening. Dr Matthew Springer is a professor of medicine in the division of cardiology at the University of California. He explains his findings on e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and heart health - and how they compare.

"It's been known for at least couple of decades that smoking makes blood vessels function less efficiently. They are supposed to expand and tighten in real time as they sense how much blood needs to pass. This allows them to supply blood to the heart and other tissues during times of exertion, keep blood pressure stable, and help prevent heart attacks and strokes."

In two separate studies^3,4, Dr Springer and his fellow researchers found that e-cigarette aerosol causes the same effect. What's more, while smoking can create problems that vaping doesn't, the team also discovered that vaping can cause problems that smoking doesn't.

"Vaping, but not smoking, causes changes in blood serum that can make blood vessels more likely to leak. This doesn't mean that blood leaks out, but that more substances can pass from inside to outside the vessel, causing health issues."

Is the flavour of vape significant?

Different flavours may also play a role in possible vaping side effects. Even ingredients that are considered safe to eat may become dangerous when heated and transformed into a mist to inhale.

"With vaping, every time someone adds a new flavour to the e-liquid, that is another chemical or group of chemicals that are potentially harmful in their own right," adds Dr Springer.

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Is vaping better than smoking?

We have very little health data on vapes compared to cigarettes. It's generally assumed that vaping can't be more harmful than smoking - and that the tobacco in smoking makes them the greater threat. "This is logical," says Dr Springer, "given how much we have learned about the harmful effects of smoking and second-hand smoke over the last century. We don't have nearly as much data about vaping because it hasn't been around long enough."

Still, evidence is emerging that vapes can produce some harmful effects that smoking doesn't.

For the doctor and his team, this was a surprise. "We initially expected that serum from vapers would either exhibit the same harmful properties as serum from smokers, or would lack some harmful properties that smoker serum exhibits."

Instead, rather than finding smoking to be the most dangerous activity, the team concluded that vaping and smoking in combination is the worst thing you can do. Dr Springer also shares his thoughts on their individual use.

"I think at this point, it's reasonable to say that vaping without smoking is safer than smoking without vaping, but it's not reasonable to say that vaping is safe or harmless.

"Certainly, vaping causes a lot of problems for the lungs. Regarding cardiovascular health, if someone switches from smoking to vaping completely, it's almost certainly a good change. However, if they replace some smoking with vaping but still continue to smoke, they may experience the harmful effects of each."

Educating the young

Either way, when it comes to school children, the "it's better than smoking" approach is misleading young people, and makes many feel comfortable vaping who wouldn't have otherwise tried smoking. With the assortment of inviting flavours, rainbow colours, and funky shapes available making vaping devices feel fun and approachable, parents and educators have a harder job on their hands when it comes to raising the alarm - and teaching the young that it's by far the best to just breath clean air.

Further reading

1. Ash: Use of e-cigarettes among young people in Great Britain.
2. Abelia et al: Comparison impact of cigarettes and e-cigs as lung cancer risk inductor: a narrative review.
3. Springer et al: Impairment of endothelial function by cigarette smoke is not caused by a specific smoke constituent, but by vagal input from the airway.
4. Springer et al: Chronic e-cigarette use impairs endothelial function on the physiological and cellular levels.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Quick facts on the risks of e-cigarettes for kids, teens, and young adults.